Steam is used in a wide range of industries for a variety of processes, from a basic small heating circuit to large scale hygienic steam production, involving specialist equipment that needs to be designed and maintained properly to ensure efficient and reliable operation of the process equipment it serves.
Modern production environments require the maintenance team to be experts in a wide variety of fields and while many areas may be adequately covered, steam equipment can sometimes be overlooked. This can lead to costly breakdowns or repairs which could have been avoided if some basic principles were better understood.
Initially, it is important to understand a few basic principles, such as pressure measurement, which, in the main, is quoted as gauge pressure, which reads zero at ambient air pressure and would generally be displayed in bar(g) units.
Most steam process installations use a recommended steam velocity of 25m/s. Usually factored into the system design, unless specifically stated otherwise, this speed should be used when making steam calculations. While the maximum velocity can be as high as 40m/s, as a general rule of thumb, pipe and valve sizes are usually calculated using the standard 25m/s reference speed.
This forms a crucial part of the design as over-sizing pipework can lead to unnecessary materials costs, increased installation costs, including support structures and insulation. Larger pipework also leads to increased condensate levels due to greater heat loss, which, in turn, will require additional steam traps. ‘Wet’ steam reaching the point of use will result in reduced operational effectiveness.
On the other hand, undersized pipework will result in a reduced pressure at the point of use, which may impede the performance of the equipment requiring the steam energy. The reduced size of the pipework will also increase the velocity of the steam which can cause water hammer and increased erosion levels.
The safety valve is designed to protect the boiler shell from over-pressurisation and explosion and so sizing of this component is a crucial part of the design process in order to ensure that the proper safety levels are maintained. Moreover, the safety valve must be able to pass the maximum possible flow rate in the event of a pressure relief valve failure - a point that can be overlooked in some cases.
Due to the complex nature of the mathematical equations used in calculating pipe sizes, a number of tables have been produced to help designers in this task. But before using these tables, it is essential to have accurate information to hand relating to the system design - particularly the flow rate of steam required by the equipment, as well as the operational steam pressure. Based on this information, the nominal pipe diameter can be calculated.
In a similar way, charts are produced by the manufacturers of steam equipment such as steam traps, which allow the correct sizes of these components to be calculated for a specific duty. Again, the designer must have basic design information at hand, such as the flow rate as well as the supply pressure and discharge pressure. By calculating the differential pressure and finding a suitable flow rate in the manufacturer’s chart, the appropriate trap size can be obtained from the table.
As a general rule, when installing a drain pocket, it should be of the same pipe diameter as the steam main, up to a size of DN100. In addition, the pocket depth should be a minimum of 100mm from the bottom of the steam main. If a smaller bore drain pipe is fitted, then the velocity of the condensate will allow it to skip over the drain pipe connection. In addition, the reduced volume of the drain pipe may cause it to overflow, thereby becoming another source of water hammer.
Further work is required to calculate the size of the condensate pipework, which poses a different challenge, namely the handling of flash steam. As a percentage by volume, flash steam can make up between 95 and 99 percent of the total volume in the condensate pipework. This leads to the steam being considered as the defining parameter when calculating the size of the condensate pipework.
When it comes to ensuring that the correct control valves are specified for a project, the number of variables is greatly increased and it may be advisable to seek expert assistance from a manufacturer.
Provided the basic design information is available, then a sizing tool can be used to calculate valve sizes, orifice diameters as well as issue warnings about possible cavitation, flashing and choked flow, all of which can lead to damage to other equipment as well as the valve itself.
Readers requiring more information on this topic are invited to contact the technical staff at Bürkert or to attend one of the free steam training sessions held at the company’s main offices in Cirencester.
Ian Webster is hygienic processing segment manager at Bürkert UK