The ball valve seats are produced by shrink fitting a carbon-graphite ring into a metal retaining ring, which is available in Carpenter alloys, Hasteloy, Inconel, stainless steels, steel and titanium.
After shrink-fitting, the carbon-graphite is pre-stressed in compression and exhibits the same coefficient of thermal expansion as the metal retaining ring. The concave face of the carbon graphite ring is polished to make a pressure tight fit with the ball, and the back face of the carbon-graphite is lapped flat to make a pressure tight fit with the valve housing.