Choosing a more electrified vehicle will reduce drivers’ greenhouse gas emissions, regardless of where they live in the contiguous United States, according to a new study.
The analysis is the most comprehensive to date, the authors say, providing drivers with estimates of emissions per mile driven across 35 different combinations of vehicle class and powertrains.
That included conventional gas pickups, hybrid SUVs, and fully electric sedans with dozens of other permutations.
In fact, the team created a free online calculator that lets drivers estimate greenhouse gas emissions based on what they drive, how they drive, and where they live.
“Vehicle electrification is a key strategy for climate action. Transportation accounts for 28 percent of greenhouse gas emissions and we need to reduce those to limit future climate impacts such as flooding, wildfires, and drought events, which are increasing in intensity and frequency,” says Greg Keoleian, senior author of the new study and a Professor at the
University of Michigan School for Environment and Sustainability, or SEAS.
“Our purpose here was to evaluate the cradle-to-grave greenhouse gas reduction from the electrification of vehicles compared with a baseline of gasoline-powered vehicles.”
In addition to helping drivers understand their emissions, Keoleian and colleagues say this information will be valuable to the automotive industry and policymakers.
While EVs are driving into headwinds from a federal policy standpoint, the industry is committed to electrification, Keoleian says. As an example, Ford Motor Co. recently announced plans for a more affordable electric vehicle platform in what it called a “Model T moment” for the company.
“The government is backing off incentives, like the electric vehicle tax credit, but the original equipment manufacturers are heavily invested and focused on the technology and affordability of EVs,” says Keoleian, who is also a co-director of the UM Center for Sustainable Systems, or CSS.
“EVs are becoming the dominant powertrain in other parts
of the world and manufacturers recognise that is the future for the US.”
In their “cradle-to-grave” analysis, Keoleian and colleagues studied emissions numbers not just from driving vehicles, but also from making and disposing of them. In doing so, they considered an array of factors: powertrains, vehicle class, driving behavior, and location.
The powertrains included conventional internal combustion engines, hybrid electric, plug-in hybrids, and fully electric, or battery electric. Vehicles with these powertrains are abbreviated ICEV, HEV, PHEV, and BEV, respectively.
For vehicle class, they considered pickups, sedans, and sport utility vehicles (they considered “generic” versions of these vehicles produced in 2025, which are representative of new vehicles in the marketplace).
Driving behaviour included familiar factors such as highway vs. city driving, but also more modern considerations, like location of the vehicle and how often drivers of PHEVs were driving on battery power vs gasoline.
Location affects emissions in two ways, Keoleian says. First, all vehicles –
especially BEVs and PHEVs – use more fuel at lower temperatures and have a lower range in locations with lower temperatures. Second, power grid emissions vary by location, so charging EVs in a county with a cleaner grid would emit less greenhouse gas.
In addressing all these variables in a single study, the researchers could make comparisons of emissions from different vehicles in an apples-to-apples way. This enables a detailed comparison of, say, a gasoline-powered pickup in Perry County, Pennsylvania, with a fully electric compact sedan in San Juan County, New Mexico.
In addition to these detailed comparisons, the work also afforded important big-picture takeaways. The study showed for the first time that BEVs have lower emissions over their lifetime than any other vehicle type in every county in the contiguous US.
On average, ICE pickup trucks were the highest emitters at 486g of carbon dioxide equivalent – a measure of greenhouse gas emissions – per
mile. Switching to a hybrid pickup would reduce that by 23 percent, while a fully electric pickup represented a 75 percent drop.
Overall, compact sedan EVs had the lowest emissions at just 81g of carbon dioxide equivalent per mile – less than 20 percent of the per mile emissions of a gas-powered pickup.
The lowest emission vehicle class was the compact sedan BEV with the lowest range, 200 miles. The emissions associated with producing batteries for vehicles with longer ranges bumped up their lifetime greenhouse gas contributions.
That also highlights another big takeaway from the study, Keoleian says. Besides electrifying your ride, picking the smallest vehicle that suits your purposes will also reduce emissions.
“The thing is really matching your vehicle with your needs,” Keoleian says.
“Obviously, if you’re in the trades, you may need a pickup truck. But you can get a battery electric pickup truck. If you’re just commuting to work by yourself, I’d recommend a sedan BEV instead.”
With the team’s online calculator, US citizens who are interested in vehicle emissions can get answers personalised for their situations.